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Office Of Readings | Week 21, Tuesday, Ordinary Time | A Reading From The Homilies Of Saint John Chrysostom | Temptations Of The Devil | Paths Of Repentance
‘The five ways of repentance.’
In this passage, Saint John Chrysostom sets out five distinct ‘paths’ by which Christians may repent of sin. His approach is notable for its simplicity and accessibility. He does not treat repentance as a single act confined to sacramental confession or to extraordinary ascetical practice, but as a set of daily habits open to every believer, regardless of wealth or circumstance.
The first path is the acknowledgement of sin. Chrysostom draws upon Scripture to show that confession before God is itself a form of acquittal: Isaiah declares, ‘Tell your sins, and you will be acquitted,’ (Is 43:26) while the psalmist affirms that admission of guilt is met with forgiveness (Ps 32:5). Chrysostom presents this act not as self-condemnation for its own sake, but as a way of preventing further sin. By allowing one’s conscience to accuse the self, the believer forestalls the greater accusation of divine judgement.
The second path is forgiveness of others. Here Chrysostom recalls the words of Christ in the Sermon on the Mount: ‘If you forgive others their trespasses, your heavenly Father will also forgive you.’ (Mt 6:14) Repentance is not only vertical—between God and the individual—but also horizontal, involving reconciliation with one’s neighbour. By urging believers to release resentment and anger, Chrysostom situates repentance within the life of the community, linking personal forgiveness to divine pardon.
The third path is prayer. For Chrysostom, repentance is expressed through sincere and concentrated prayer from the heart. While he does not elaborate at length here, his wider writings make clear that prayer is both an appeal for mercy and a means of reordering the soul towards God. Repentance is not merely regret for the past but a turning towards God in the present, sustained through prayer.
The fourth path is almsgiving. Chrysostom frequently spoke about wealth and poverty in his preaching, and his inclusion of almsgiving reflects his conviction that the use of material goods is bound up with salvation. Acts of generosity, particularly towards the poor, are understood not only as moral duties but as a way of loosening the hold of sin. In giving alms, the believer participates in God’s own mercy, and thus finds pardon.
The fifth path is humility. To illustrate this, Chrysostom recalls the publican of Jesus’ parable (Lk 18:9–14), whose humility brought justification despite the absence of notable deeds. Here repentance is framed as a disposition of the heart, an attitude of truthfulness before God, which by itself can outweigh the weight of sin.
Chrysostom insists that these five paths are open to all. None requires wealth or special status. Even the poor can forgive, pray, humble themselves, and confess. He highlights the example of the widow’s mite (Mk 12:41–44), showing that even almsgiving is measured not by amount but by intention. Repentance is thus presented as an inclusive calling, rooted in everyday actions.
The passage concludes with a reference to Holy Communion. The aim of repentance is not only moral improvement but reconciliation with God, enabling the believer to approach the Eucharist worthily. Repentance restores health to the soul, preparing it to share in the sacramental life of the Church.
Chrysostom’s scheme of five paths is both practical and theological. It reflects biblical teaching, especially the commands of Jesus in the Gospels. It also reflects the pastoral context in which he preached, where repentance was not an abstract concept but a pressing need for Christian communities navigating sin, division, and inequality. By setting out varied and accessible means of turning back to God, Chrysostom provides a framework that integrates personal responsibility, community life, prayer, and sacramental participation.
A Reading From The Homilies Of Saint John Chrysostom | Temptations Of The Devil | Paths Of Repentance
Shall I list the paths of repentance? There are certainly many of them, many and various, and all of them lead to heaven.
The first path is the path of condemnation of sins. As Isaiah says, Tell your sins, and you will be acquitted. And the Psalmist adds: I said ‘I will bear witness against myself before the Lord,’ and you forgave the guilt of my sin. So you, too must condemn the sins you have committed. Condemn them, and that condemnation will excuse you in front of the Lord, since whoever condemns the sins he has committed will be slower to commit them next time. Stir up your own conscience to be your accuser – so that when you come before the judgement-seat of the Lord no-one will rise up to accuse you.
This is the first path of repentance but the second is in no way inferior to it in excellence. It is to forget the harm done to us by our enemies, to master our anger, to forgive the sins of those who are slaves together with us. As much as we do this, so much will our own sins against the Lord be forgiven. So this is the second path to the expiation of our sins. As the Lord says, Yes, if you forgive others their failings, your heavenly Father will forgive you yours.
Would you like to know the third path of repentance? It is prayer: fervent prayer, sincere and focused prayer, prayer coming from the depths of the heart.
If you want to know the fourth path, I will tell you: it is the giving of alms. It has great power.
And finally, if someone acts with modesty and humility, that path is no less effective as a way to deprive sin of its substance. Look at the publican, who had no good deeds to speak of. In place of good deeds he offered humility, and the huge burden of his sins fell away.
So now I have shown you the five paths of repentance. First, condemnation of sins. Second, forgiving the sins of those near us. Third, prayer. Fourth, almsgiving. Fifth, humility.
So do not be idle, but every day advance along all these paths at once. They are not hard paths to follow. Poverty is no excuse for not setting out on the journey. Even if you are destitute you can do all these things: put aside anger, carry humility in front of you, pray hard, condemn your sins. Poverty is no obstacle – not even to that path of penitence that demands money: that is, almsgiving. Remember the story of the widow’s mite.
Now we have learnt the right way to heal our wounds, let us apply these remedies. Let us regain true health and confidently receive the blessings of Holy Communion. Thus we may come, filled with glory, to the glory of Christ’s kingdom, and receive its eternal joys through the grace, mercy and kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ.
Christian Prayer With Jesus Christ
Lord Jesus Christ,
You are the Good Physician of our souls.
Grant us the grace to walk daily along the paths of repentance:
to acknowledge our sins with honesty,
to forgive those who wrong us,
to seek you in prayer,
to give generously to those in need,
and to live with humility before you.
Heal our wounds and restore us to your friendship,
that we may approach your table with confidence
and share in the joy of your kingdom,
where you live and reign with the Father and the Holy Spirit,
one God, forever and ever.
Amen.
Glossary Of Christian Terms
Repentance – Turning back to God with sorrow for sin, accompanied by a change of heart and life.
Condemnation of sins – The act of acknowledging and taking responsibility for one’s sins before God.
Forgiveness – Releasing resentment or anger towards others; for Christians, a condition of receiving God’s forgiveness.
Prayer – Communication with God, here understood as sincere, heartfelt dialogue expressing repentance and seeking mercy.
Almsgiving – The giving of material aid to the poor; a traditional expression of mercy and a means of detaching from sin.
Humility – A truthful recognition of one’s dependence on God and limitation before him; opposed to pride.
Publican – In the New Testament, a tax collector; in the parable of Luke 18:9–14, the humble publican is justified before God.
Widow’s mite – A small offering given by a poor widow (Mk 12:41–44), praised by Jesus as greater than the larger sums given by the wealthy because it was all she had.
Holy Communion – The sacrament in which Christians receive the Body and Blood of Christ, uniting them to him and to one another.
Jesus’ disciples travel a long journey as they develop and grow in faith in Jesus. Their progress is halting rather than steady. The disciples make mistakes. It will not be until the events following Jesus’ death and resurrection that the disciples will gifted, especially with the descent of the Holy Spirit at Pentecost, in order to found the Church. We may find we identify with the disciples as we think of any challenges we face in our own faith [ … ]
A ruler of the Pharisees has invited Jesus to his house to share a meal, and here Jesus teaches those present concerning the way of blessedness. Jesus teaches us how to live so as to be as much like Jesus as we can be, and so to be included in the Kingdom of God. This, our heavenly reward, should be the only reward we look for [ … ]
The Carrefour will be open, where I can buy nuts for the red squirrel, who lives in Campo Grande. The red squirrel is Valladolid’s best bit. Even as a child, I had never seen one before, apart from in picture books. It was last term’s discovery. The most beautiful encounter. I didn’t know it was there – in the park. A complete surprise. The tiny little thing bobbled and hopped, as it received in its little hands a nut from the man’s hands. Each surprising instant – it was childlike. I whispered: ‘Oh my wow.’ I walk toward the El Cortes Ingles. There is, for now, that settled feel of friends in bookshops. Though a null-affect, neutral day – it won’t glean, it is not to be scratched at. The queues are long in the Carrefour. Though, as it might be, on relatively modest incomes, many people live centrally. Their behaviours neither pinched nor stark. Yet the shop so busy while the street so empty… An error in the simulation, a glitch in the code. I potter about the aisles, which are pleasant enough, then at the tills I flinch at how expensive a little bag of up-sold nuts can be. Nonetheless, I queue for a packet of almonds. Two English men queue directly ahead of me. They are stocky, and have gay voices, their wheelie-bucket piled with soft drinks and party food, while they bitch to one another about the obviously terrible party they’re going to. The air heaves relief as I wander up the way to the broad plaza fringing Campo Grande. This is a place to see – a piece of Spain. There is a tourist information office, though unopened. At these fountains, three girls take selfies. Pompous-looking buildings, the military offices aside, line the park’s nearest vicinities. Hotel-bars have their patches. Liveried doormen idle time, for there are no paying customers, in and out the doorways’ shadows. A mixed group of kids play at the hoops on the pedestrian boulevard, and two boys practise on skateboards, working the thing out. I pass by them, touched by the thought, and happy that they are there. Wistful, I smile at the odds of the ball spilling over to me, and play in mind the agreeable scene of a fleeting connection. Then I am through the park gates. An air now – of humanity become self-selecting. Modestly understated. Understatedly modest. Campo Grande is nice but it isn’t grande… I walk slowly, and very soon hear for a second time English voices. Not them – it is an English family, just a little way ahead, a Dad and a Mum and a younger boy and an older girl, and theirs are Midlands accents. Dad seems to have been here and to know the place. He gestures panoramically. Mum wants her lunch. The girl at a difficult age. She carries a balloon-on-a-stick. Though she is sprouting – yet wears a loud dress. Then leggings, trainers. Her hair is nice… Maybe she is being okay about it. And not horrific. It’s okay once they get into it, but those months… Yet then, they mostly blossom, if they come from a good home, and become rounded personalities, entering into their womanhood. It was that… when yet they weren’t… I shudder to think of it. They walk toward the pond, and I trail, and would follow had I not been going that way. I wish I could say something so they might hear I am English too. (Fake a phone call?) How my voice might sound – there’d be all college hurling around in such matter I… a demented thing, ludicrous blurt – of Henry, Geoff, and all of them – not to mention the personal predicament. Maybe they’re a nice family. She is letting him explain what he needs to explain. And it would blow his fire, me being English. Mum and Dad. You’d probably see them all having their lunch in a little while. All sat round the table. With napkins and the menus out. Dad looks safe. I look into the pond. Terrapins live in there. But not today. I walk toward the join in the paths where the squirrel lives. There, I crumple the packet of almonds, making noise. I peer and I squat and crouch – chewing a mouthful. All the peacocks have perched right up in the trees’ branches. That never looks like something they should be doing. It’s disappointing that the squirrel isn’t here – but then the not-knowing-if is a part of it. Now, next, my visit to the National Sculpture Museum is an obligation. Canon Peter stood literally aghast when I hadn’t heard of it. Mortified, I made resolute promises. Though a few weeks have passed, it isn’t just any old something I could do on the hoof. A great commitment – it must command a known and prepared and anticipated not-just-any-old-time. But, rather, the sort you must wait for – and listen for. [ … ] Beyond Plaza Mayor, there would be a brief series of old-town alleyways. The National Sculpture Museum would be – just up there, this archway, this next…They are bleached and forgotten-looking walls, and the smoothed paving could be medieval. Not that it is making Tomàs anxious – I follow the map. A kind of place – uneasy credit-cards, and modern vaccinations, and a phone, might not help much. I fancy I feel the back-wall of a church, and that – fancifully – pressure-release drawn out of me. Only I am playing games in a nice way – making play-scared on the uncertainty – with only myself to see. The National Museum is there, modestly signed on stencilled plexiglass stuck to the stone wall. A uniformed lady sits just a little way inside the doorway. She reassures me there is no money required, and directs me over the courtyard into the planned route, showing me where I can pick up a free map. I get my […]
